Torrefied wood – a new emerging energy carrier
- History of Torrefaction
- Torrefaction as a Technology
- Status of Torrefaction Worldwide
- The WPAC Torrefaction Project
- Torrefied Pellet Product Specification
- European SECTOR Project
HISTORY OF TORREFACTION
| Commodities | Temperature oC | Started |
| Beans (coffee), nuts, seeds
(hot air) |
+190 to 280 | 1000 A.D. (Ethiopia)
1971 (Starbucks) |
| Thermo- wood (outdoor furniture, decks) (Steam, hot air, oil) | + 180 | 1980th (Finland) |
| High calorific biofuels (wood,
agro-mtrl) (Steam, nitrogen) |
+ 250 to 290 | 1987 (experimentation)
2000 (targeted research) 2004 (proof of concept) 2009 (pilot scale) 2010 (demonstration) 2015 (commercialization) |
10 Phases of Torrefied Pellets Production
A. Pre-torrefaction reactions
- Fractionation to size (if required)
- Conventional pre-drying of feedstock
B. Inside torrefaction reactor (inert condition)
- Evaporation of residual moisture
- Heating of feedstock up to +100oC
- De-polymerization of hemi-cellulose
C. Post-torrefaction reactions (inert condition)
- Cooling and re-polymerization
- Crushing to size
- Conditioning
- Densification to pellets
D. Post-conditioning
10. Cooling and dust removal
